What exposure fault is likely to cause a periapical view to show a stunted and squashed image?

The phenomenon that leads to a periapical view showing a stunted and squashed image, often referred to as foreshortening, occurs when the X-ray beam is angled incorrectly relative to the film or sensor. In proper positioning, the X-ray beam should be perpendicular to both the film and the long axis of the tooth being imaged. If the X-ray beam is directed at an angle that is not perpendicular, it can compress the image, making it appear shorter and distorted than it actually is.

Foreshortening typically results from the improper alignment of the X-ray tube or the patient, which causes the tooth structure to be imaged in a foreshortened manner. This distortion can significantly interfere with the accurate interpretation of the radiographic image, making it crucial for dental professionals to understand and avoid this particular exposure fault to ensure clear diagnostic information.

In contrast, other exposure faults result in different types of distortions. For instance, elongation occurs when the X-ray beam is angled incorrectly, but in this case, it can render the image longer than it should be. Film movement leads to blurriness rather than a stunted appearance. Coning, or collimation faults, can lead to parts of the tooth being cut